Diabetes

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar levels, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.

Type 1 diabetes is impossible to cure naturally but scientists are hoping that by learning why the immune system develops the antibodies that attack these particular proteins, they may be able to find a way to stop it occurring. Pancreas transplants have been tried with limited success in type 1 diabetes.

Read more>> Type 1 diabetes

What is type 2 diabetes?

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 2 diabetes is usually down to poor dietary choices and weight-gain which can be treated naturally. Controlling diabetes is important and this includes controlling the blood pressure, sugar intake and alcohol, stopping smoking and maintaining a healthy body weight.

NOTE: Gastric bypass surgery has been successful in many with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Because diabetes damages vital delicate blood vessels in the eyes, extremities, kidneys and heart which can lead to blindness, amputation, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes and premature death, it is vital to get tested and learn how to control blood sugar levels in the body. This can be done naturally in the early stages of diabetes before too much damage has been done.

What is monogenic diabetes?

This is rarer than type 1 or type 2 diabetes but represents about 1-3% of all diabetes cases. It is caused by a mutation (error) in any one of over 20 different genes.

Some forms appear in children under 12 months old (neonatal diabetes), while other forms (MODY) are more common in adolescents and young adults, but can appear at any age.

 All forms of monogenic diabetes are often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

What is gestational diabetes?

This occurs when pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes develops high blood glucose levels which may precede development of type 2 diabetes. However, it is usually resolved after delivery.

What is congenital diabetes?

This is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion.

What is cystic fibrosis-related diabetes?

This is the most common comorbidity in people with cystic fibrosis, occurring in 20% of adolescents and 40–50% of adults. While it shares features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, it is a distinct clinical entity. It is primarily caused by insulin insufficiency, although fluctuating levels of insulin resistance related to acute and chronic illness also play a role.

What is steroid diabetes?

This is induced by high doses of glucocorticoids. High blood sugar leading to diabetes can be caused by inhalers which contain steroids.

WARNING: Selective beta-1 blockers like atenolol and metoprolol, may increase blood sugar levels.

What may have contributed to the high rise in type 2 diabetes?

• A diet high in coffee, fizzy drinks, sugar and animal fats.
• Being overweight or obese.
• Alcohol excess
• Deficiency of fibre, omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.
• Excess of low nutrient processed foods.
• Hormones and antibiotics fed to farmed animals.
• Lack of magnesium and other minerals in the soil due to modern farming techniques. People with diabetes are often low in magnesium.
• Over medication with drugs that interfere with blood sugar and energy processes and cause nutrient deficiencies and weight gain.
• Toxicity of the system due to food additives or fungicide, herbicide and pesticide residues on foods.
• Toxic chemicals used in cleaning products and cosmetics.

What is insulin?

As well as being the substance that is responsible for the storing of carbohydrates in the body’s cells, insulin is an anabolic hormone which the body uses to build muscle and store protein.

How does insulin affect magnesium in the body?

Insulin stores magnesium and if the cells become resistant to insulin, the body cannot store magnesium, so it is lost through urination. Intracellular magnesium relaxes muscles and therefore, if the cell becomes insulin resistant and the body loses magnesium, the blood vessels constrict.

This causes an increase in blood pressure and a reduction in energy since intracellular magnesium is required for all energy producing reactions that take place in the cell.

Highest food sources of magnesium in milligrams per 100 grams

NOTE: Athletes and anyone that partakes in intense physical activities are often lacking in magnesium but often do not replace lost minerals so they should consume plenty of these magnesium-rich foods.

Magnesium is also necessary for the action of insulin and the manufacture of insulin. When insulin levels are raised, the body loses magnesium, and the cells become even more insulin resistant.

Blood vessels constrict and glucose and insulin cannot get to the tissues, which make them more insulin resistant, so the insulin levels go up and the body loses even more magnesium. This is the vicious cycle that begins even before birth.

Insulin sensitivity starts to be determined the moment the sperm combines with the egg. If a pregnant woman eats a high-carbohydrate diet, which turns into sugar, studies have shown that the foetus will become more insulin resistant.

If that foetus happens to be a female, the eggs of that foetus are more insulin resistant. This does not mean that diabetes is a genetic disease, but an individual can have a genetic predisposition.

How does excess insulin cause water retention?

After consuming excess sugar, high levels of insulin are released into the blood and, because insulin also causes the retention of sodium, this causes the retention of fluid, which also causes high blood pressure which can then lead to congestive heart failure.

Because the immediate effects of raising the blood sugar from a high-carbohydrate meal is a raise in insulin, and this immediately triggers the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), it can cause arterial spasm or a constriction of the arteries. Heart attacks are two to three times more likely to happen after a high-carbohydrate meal.

How can excess insulin cause cancer?

Insulin is also known as a ‘mitogenic hormone’ because it stimulates cell proliferation and cell division. Because insulin causes endothelium cell proliferation, excess can cause an endothelial tumour to develop.

The endothelium is the thin layer of simple squamous cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Squamous (from Latin squama, “scale”) describes the flat scale-like cells in the body. Excess insulin levels also can lead to breast and colon cancer.

How does insulin raise LDL cholesterol levels?

Cells become insulin resistant because they are trying to protect themselves from the toxic effects of high insulin. They down regulate their receptor activity and reduce the number of insulin receptors. This raises the level of insulin in the blood even further.

Because insulin also mediates blood lipids, high levels of insulin then raise levels of triglycerides. LDL cholesterol is also raised by high levels of insulin.

Some cells are incapable of becoming very insulin resistant. The liver cells become resistant first, then the muscle tissue then the fat. Sugar is stored as fat and therefore, until fat cells become insulin resistant to insulin fat, body weight will increase.

The lining of the arteries does not become insulin resistant very easily and can become completely clogged by plaque within three months of excessive insulin levels.

Insulin also causes the blood to clot too readily and causes the conversion of macrophages into foam cells, which are the cells that accumulate the fatty deposits.

It also influences nitric oxide synthase, meaning that the endothelium produces less nitric oxide. Nitric oxide helps to mediate vasodilatation and constriction and a lack of it can lead to angina.

How does lectin ingestion cause leptin resistance and weight gain?

The lectin from ingested wheat often ends up circulating in the body and in the brain, where it can cause leptin-resistance which causes effects similar to insulin-resistance.

Those two factors could be a cause or promoter of obesity as leptin and insulin are the two most important hormones to properly regulate in order to maintain a normal weight and energy balance.

Leptin is a hormone (like insulin) and is produced by the body’s fat cells and is often referred to as the “satiety hormone” or the “starvation hormone.” The level of leptin in the blood, that reaches the hypothalamus in the brain, indicates to the brain the level of fat stored and available energy.

When there is enough fat stored, there is no need to eat and that calories can be burned at the normal rate. It also has many other functions related to fertility, immunity, brain function and others.

When the brain does not receive the leptin signal it believes that the body is starving even though it has more than enough energy stored. This makes the brain change the physiology and behaviour in order to regain the fat that the brain believes is missing.

Most people try to exert cognitive inhibition (willpower) over the leptin-driven starvation signal, but this is often futile as the hormone signal telling the brain that the body is starving and must eat and conserve energy by becoming sluggish is far stronger than a person’s determination not to eat and to exercise more.

A sign of leptin-resistance is a large amount of body fat particularly around the waistline.

See>> Lectins

Type 2 diabetes symptoms

• Excess thirst
• Frequent urination
• Extreme unexplained fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Irritability
• Frequent skin, bladder or gum infections
• Slow wound healing
• Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet

In some cases of type 2 diabetes, there are no symptoms. In this case, people can live for months, even years, without knowing they have the disease. This form of diabetes comes on so gradually that symptoms may not even be recognized.

How do other illnesses worsen diabetes?

During an illness or infection the body will release extra glucose into the blood stream in a bid to help combat the illness. In people without diabetes, this is an effective strategy as their pancreas will release extra insulin to cope with the extra blood glucose.

NOTE: High blood glucose levels can lead to dehydration so fluids must be drunk regularly.

It may be difficult to eat whilst unwell, but this could lead to more ketones being released, as the body needs them to break down fat to make fuel. If eating is difficult, it is advisable to have drinks containing carbohydrates in place of meals.

How do high levels of ketones affect diabetes?

The presence of high levels of ketones in the bloodstream is a common complication of diabetes, which if left untreated can lead to ketoacidosis.

Ketone bodies (acetoacetate, d-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. Two of the three are used as a source of energy in the heart and brain while the third (acetone) is a waste product excreted from the body.

In the brain, they are a vital source of energy during fasting. Although termed “bodies”, they are dissolved substances, not particles.

Ketones build up when there is insufficient insulin to help fuel the body’s cells. High levels of ketones are therefore more common in people with type 1 diabetes or people with advanced type 2 diabetes where insufficient insulin is present in the blood..

What is Charcot foot syndrome?

Neuropathic arthropathy (neuropathic osteoarthropathy), also known as Charcot joint, refers to progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint, a process marked by bony destruction, bone re-absorption and eventual deformity.

If this process continues unchecked, it can result in joint deformity, ulceration and/or a major infection, loss of function and, in the worst-case scenario, amputation or death. Early identification of joint changes is vital and any ulcers need immediate medical attention.

For natural remedies see>> Peripheral neuropathy

What is diabulimia?

This is a condition where the type 1 diabetic patient deliberately skips their injections of insulin in order to lose weight. This can have serious consequences such as irreversible visionary deterioration and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) which can be fatal.

How does diabetes cause gastroparesis and stomach blockages?

This is a condition in which the stomach empties its contents too slowly; this problem can affect people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The vagus nerve, which controls stomach emptying, can become damaged with diabetes and this leads to the problems with digestion.

The symptoms of gastroparesis include heartburn, vomiting, weight loss, poor glucose control and feelings of early fullness. Over time, an infection or a blockage of the stomach called a bezoar may develop. Some foods can worsen gastroparesis. high-fat foods, high-fibre foods, and foods that are difficult to chew and digest. These foods can slow down stomach emptying and worsen gastroparesis symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Bezoar is a hard indigestible mass of material, such as hair, vegetable fibres or the seeds and skins of fruits, formed in the alimentary canal

Chew food well especially meat, fruit and vegetables. Eat very small meals six times a day.

In order to get some relief from the condition, try rapidly exhaling and pushing the diaphragm inside while exhaling. The inhalation process should be normal. Repeat these exhalations for about 10 minutes every day on an empty stomach in order to improve the vagus nerve function.

What foods should be avoided with gastroparesis?

1. Berries
2. Broccoli
3. Corn
4. Eggs
5. Fried food
6. Full fat dairy products
7. Dried beans
8. Meat
9. Nuts
10. Peas
11. Potato peels
12. Popcorn
13. Seeds

What is hyperglycaemia?

Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) is the condition suffered by both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. It produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).

This is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. Glucose levels are measured in either: Milligrams per decilitre (mg/dl), in the United States and other countries (e.g., Japan, France, Egypt, Colombia); or Millimoles per litre (mmol/l) in the UK, which can be acquired by dividing (mg/dl) by factor of 18.

Hyperglycaemia is generally when the blood glucose level is 10+ mmol/l (180 mg/dl). Symptoms may not start to become noticeable until later numbers such as 15-20+ mmol/l (270-360 mg/dl) are reached. However, continuous levels exceeding 7 mmol/l (125 mg/dl) can produce organ damage.

Glucose levels vary before and after meals, and at various times of day; the definition of “normal” varies among medical professionals. In general, the normal range for most people (fasting adults) is about 4 to 6 mmol/l (80 to 110 mg/dl).

A subject with a consistent range above 7 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or is generally held to have hyperglycaemia, whereas a consistent range below 4 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is considered hypoglycaemic.

In fasting adults, blood plasma glucose should not exceed 7 mmol/l (125 mg/dl). Sustained higher levels of blood sugar cause damage to the blood vessels and to the organs they supply, leading to the complications of diabetes.

The following effects of hyperglycaemia can be resolved upon a return to good metabolic control, including proper nutrition and stabilised blood sugars.

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results from dehydration during a state of insulin deficiency, associated with high blood levels of sugar and organic acids called ketones. Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with significant disturbances of the body’s chemistry. 

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a very dangerous condition brought on by very high blood glucose levels in diabetics (above 33 mmol/L (594 mg/dL). It is a short-term complication requiring immediate hospital treatment.

It usually occurs in people with type 1 (juvenile) diabetes but can develop in any person with diabetes. Since type 1 diabetes typically starts before age 25 years, it is most common in this age group, but it may occur at any age. Males and females are equally affected.

It occurs when the body has no insulin to use, and switches to burning fatty acids and producing acidic ketone bodies. These can cause particularly severe illness.

This condition can be fatal. Every episode of DKA is life-threatening, or at the very least, it is a significant cause of damage that will lead to future complications.

What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

• Excessive thirst
• Fatigue/weakness
• Headache
• Inability to wear contact lenses because eyes are dry from dehydration
• Increased urine production/volume
• Insomnia, or conversely, excessive sleepiness
• Lethargy
• Light-headed/ or dizzy
• Mental confusion (brain fog) and inability to focus
• Nausea/abdominal pain, vomiting
• Negative mood, including depression, anxiety, irritability and general lack of motivation
• Poor wound healing
• Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

How does a lack of insulin cause weight gain?

Another symptom diabetic ketoacidosis is Increased appetite which is due to the body believing it is being starved, combined with decreased sensation of fullness. Both are a result of a lack of insulin. Insulin is a satiety hormone, which means it helps regulate intake by providing a signal to the body when it has had enough.

How does diabetic ketoacidosis cause hypokalaemia?

Too little potassium in the blood usually from causes like vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating and medications like diuretics or laxatives. It is often seen in diabetic ketoacidosis, where potassium is excessively lost in the urine. Since chemicals in the body are related in their metabolism, low magnesium levels can also be associated with hypokalaemia.

However, diabetes can also cause proteinuria, a condition where albumen is leaked into the urine through kidney damage. If someone is diagnosed with proteinuria, it means they may have lost the ability to properly regulate potassium and magnesium levels. This can then result in dangerously high levels of potassium (hyperkalaemia) or magnesium (hypermagnesaemia) in the blood.

A blood test should be carried out to find out if albumin is present in the urine and the magnesium and potassium levels in the blood.

What can cause diabetic ketoacidosis?

• Cocaine use
• Inadequate insulin administration
• Myocardial infarction
• Pregnancy
• Stroke
• Underlying illnesses

While the fat is being broken down, a waste product called ketones are produced. Ketones have nowhere to go except the blood. If they build up too much, then the diabetic could die. Symptoms usually evolve over a 24-hour period, with the first sign often being hyperglycaemia.

What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

• A sweet body odour
• Breath that smells like sweet fruit
• Coma
• Confusion
• Deep laboured breathing (kussmaul breathing)
• Dehydration
• Excessive thirst
• Sudden loss of energy
• Urinating more often than usual
• Vomiting

WARNING: Treat this as an emergency and call an ambulance or have someone else call an ambulance.

How does eating sugar lead to pancreatic exhaustion and failure?

Eating too many processed, sugary foods, such as sweets, biscuits, cakes, pastas and even breads, can cause an overload of sugar in the body. As the body breaks down these sugars, it does so at such a rapid pace it creates blood-sugar imbalances that can lead to diabetes.

This rapid rise and fall of high to low blood-sugar levels due to diabetes leads to deterioration of the pancreas because of the need for fluctuating levels of insulin.

Pancreatic exhaustion can occur after just a few years on a diet of processed carbohydrates and, if left untreated, will lead to pancreatic failure. However, switching to a diet of natural whole foods, losing any excess weight and taking gentle exercise can stabilise the blood sugar levels and, in turn, reverse the damage done to the pancreas. For natural ways to take care of this important organ see Pancreas.

Why does diabetes cause urinary tract infections?

Diabetics often suffer from more occurrences of urinary tract infection (UTI) than non-diabetics because of the excess sugar in the urine which feeds the bacteria accumulating in the bladder. Drinking alcohol, especially beer, will aggravate this condition. Other bladder irritants and substances with a diuretic affect should be avoided such as coffee (caffeine), chives, chocolate, fizzy drinks containing caffeine, nicotine, spicy food, sugar and tomatoes.

What foods can prevent and treat urinary tract infections?

1. Asparagus can prevent and treat urinary tract infections?
2. Cranberry juice: Pure unsweetened cranberry juice can prevent the bacteria from sticking to the walls of the urinary tract and drinking plenty of bottled mineral water can eradicate urinary tract infections by diluting the sugar present in the urine.
3. Phyllanthus amarus This herb is very effective in naturally treating urinary tract infections.
4. Raw juice therapy can successfully treat urinary tract infections. The best organic natural foods to blend or juice are: apple, apricot, lemon, carrot, celery, cranberry, cucumber, parsley and watercress.

For more natural remedies see>> Urinary tract infections. 

What are the serious long-term complications of diabetes?

• Amputation of limbs
• Blindness
• Heart attack
• Infertility (in males and females)
• Stroke
• Kidney failure

Why does diabetes cause amputation?

Amputations may be required due to gangrene (the death of body tissues). If peripheral neuropathy has occurred, a person may not notice a wound on their foot because they cannot feel it, so the wound may develop into a foot ulcer, which becomes infected.

Because hyperglycaemia leads to poor circulation and damage to the small blood vessels, there often a reduced and inadequate supply of blood to the extremities.

As a result, these tissue cells receive less nutrients, oxygen and fewer white blood cells to combat infection. Combined with the fact that the immune system is weakened due to hyperglycaemia, the infection grows rapidly and develops into gangrene.

The removal of the dead tissue is necessary to prevent the gangrene from spreading and this may involve the amputation of an entire limb.

How does diabetes cause blindness?

Constant high sugar levels in the blood damages blood vessels in the light-sensitive retina cells at the back of the eye. Damaged blood vessels swell and leak, causing blurred vision and usually affects both eyes. If diabetic retinopathy is left untreated, it will eventually lead to poor vision and blindness. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness is adults aged 20-74 due to retinal damage.

Why does diabetes cause heart attack and stroke?

Up to 80% of people with diabetes will die as a result of heart attack or stroke. The damage that occurs to the heart and blood vessels due to hyperglycaemia as well as having high blood glucose itself are risk factors for both of these events. See Cardiovascular disease

How does diabetes cause infertility

In women, inflammation of the fallopian tubes can lead to scarring and blockages. In men, high blood sugar affects their ability to repair sperm DNA when it’s damaged and then the sperm can’t be restored.

How does diabetes affect the kidneys?

Constant high blood sugar levels damage the delicate filtration cells in the kidneys which removes waste products from the blood. These blood vessels then become narrow and clogged.

Without enough blood, the kidneys become damaged and albumin (a type of protein) passes through these filters into the urine which is a condition known as albuminuria or proteinuria. Normally the kidneys keep proteins in the blood and just filter out waste products.

When albumin is deficient in the blood, fluid can leak out of the blood and build up in the lungs, abdomen (belly), or other parts of the body. Albumin is an essential protein that helps to carry important substances throughout the body such as hormones, vitamins and enzymes.

NOTE: If diagnosed with proteinuria, avoid foods that are high in potassium and magnesium.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. There are four stages to diabetic kidney disease as follows:

• Stage 1: Kidney damage present but normal kidney function and a GFR of 90% or above.
• Stage 2: Kidney damage with some loss of function and a GFR of 60–89%.
• Stage 3: Mild to severe loss of function and a GFR of 30–59%.
• Stage 4: Severe loss of function and GFR of 15–29%.

End-stage renal disease is when the kidneys have failed completely and can no longer function on a level needed for day-to-day life. At this point there is a need for dialysis or kidney transplant.

What are the downsides of diabetic drugs?

Oral Hyperglycaemic, Metformin (Glucophage, Glucophage XR and Glucovance) enhance the action of insulin in cases of insulin resistance, allowing glucose to enter the cells. This reduces elevated blood sugar.

Metformin, the most common drug prescribed to type 2 diabetics, can cause lactic acidosis which can lead to cardiac arrhythmia and other complications.  This may lead to the need for a pacemaker to be surgically inserted to control the heart rhythm.

Diabetics on metformin have 50% less vitamin B12 levels than people not taking metformin. The longer the drug had been used and the higher the dose, the greater the drop in vitamin B12.

Metformin can also lower serum levels of vitamin B9 (folic acid) levels. Both vitamin B12 and vitamin B9 depletion increases homocysteine levels. High homocysteine levels (known as hyperhomocysteinemia) can increase the risk of cardiovascular issues like blood clots, heart disease and stroke, as well as cognitive decline and conditions like dementia.

In addition, metformin depletes coenzymeQ10 from the body which can result in muscle pain and weakness, irritability, mood swings, depression, impotency and heart failure.

WARNING: Some nutritional yeasts, especially brewer’s yeast, can interact with medications. Those who are on Type 1 diabetes medication are especially at risk.

Can berberine lower blood sugar?

In 2008, it was found, in scientific studies, that the natural plant alkaloid known as berberine is just as effective and much safer than metformin, the patent medicine most commonly now prescribed to help re-regulate blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. See Berberine below

What foods should be eaten when on diabetic medications?

If taking blood sugar levelling medications, a varying selection of foods from each of these nutrient categories must be consumed daily.

• Vitamin B9
• Vitamin B12
• Coenzyme Q10

Highest food sources of vitamin B9 in micrograms per 100 grams

(One µg is equivalent to one microgram)

NOTE: People infected with the herpes virus should avoid yeast products as they can bring on herpes outbreaks.

Highest food sources of vitamin B12 in micrograms per 100 grams

(One µg is equivalent to one microgram)

Highest sources of coenzyme Q10 in micrograms per 100 grams

(One µg is equivalent to one microgram)

What are the natural ways to avoid and treat diabetes?

1) Losing extra weight is the first way to avoid developing diabetes.

2) Cut all foods with added sugar out of the diet. So many processed foods have sugar added to them that over a day, a huge amount has been consumed.  Check the labels as even bread, mayonnaise, mustard and many other sauces and so-called ‘healthy’ vegetarian burgers and sausages will have sugar listed near the top of the ingredients list.

What are the other names used for added sugar?

• Agave nectar
• Dextrose
• Fructose
• Fruit juice concentrates
• Glucose
• High fructose corn syrup
• Maltose
• Maple syrup
• Molasses
• Sucrose

3) Limit or avoid alcohol consumption.

4) Take some regular exercise. Even walking everyday at least 4,000 steps will burn calories and help blood circulation.

5) Take care of the intestinal flora. The diet must include good levels of fibre and resistant starch to feed the beneficial bacteria in the intestines and aid digestion and the manufacturer and absorption of many, vitamins and minerals.

See>> Feed your friendly bacteria

Certain phytonutrients have a direct impact on the balancing of sugar levels in the blood and the natural foods listed below have been chosen for their particular beneficial effect in this area.

 Also foods to flush out toxins and ward off pathogenic bacteria, yeasts and viruses have been included as these can also seriously affect the absorption and manufacture of vital nutrients required by the body to control the levels of sugar in the blood.

Consume a wide variety of the foods below in the daily diet to benefit from their powerful properties. Eating a multitude of all colours of fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices per day will ensure that all the nutrients required have been ingested.

Why is fibre good for diabetes?

One of the most important elements that must be included in the daily diet is fibre and that from beans and legumes are a good combination of high-quality carbohydrates, protein and soluble fibre that helps stabilise the body’s blood-sugar levels and keeps hunger in check. Include a portion of at least one of the following daily.

What is phytic acid?

Phytic acid, also known as phytate or inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), is a compound found in plants that allows them to store potassium. However, in humans it is known as an ‘anti-nutrient” because it inhibits the absorption of minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, nickel and especially zinc.

Because all legumes and pulses (as well as nuts, seeds and whole grains) contain high levels of phytic acid, it is important to soak, ferment or sprout them as this reduces the phytic acid levels.

Soaking method

1. Place one part kombu or kelp seaweed to six parts of legumes in the bottom of the pot and add legumes, grains etc.
2. Soak for twelve hours in a warm place in four parts of warm mineral water to one part legume.
3. For best results, change the water once or twice.

Lentils and whole dried peas require shorter soaking, while soybeans and garbanzos need to soak longer. Soaking softens skins and begins the sprouting process, which eliminates phytic acid, thereby making more minerals available.

Soaking also promotes faster cooking and improved digestibility, because the gas-causing enzymes and trisaccharides in legumes are released into the soak water.

Be sure to discard the soak water and rinse the legumes. After bringing legumes to a boil, scoop off and discard the foam.

Continue to simmer for twenty minutes without lid at beginning of cooking to let steam rise (breaks up and disperses indigestible enzymes).

For the highest natural food sources of these important minerals see the following:

• Calcium
• Iron
• Magnesium
• Nickel
• Zinc

What conditions can be affected by a lack of minerals?

Reducing phytic acid levels is especially important for individuals under the following circumstances as a deficiency in these minerals can worsen the condition or cause further problems.

• Anaemia
• Cancer
• Intestinal disorders
• Growing infants and children
• Teeth problems
• Bone and joint disorders
• Pregnancy
• Menstruating women
• Those regularly performing intense physical activities and sports
• Those on medications
• Those that drink alcohol regularly
• The elderly.

Nature Cures anti-diabetic green smoothie

This smoothie will provide many of the minerals and other nutrients required to stabilise blood sugar levels and control blood pressure. It is also alkalising to reduce acidity and inflammation in the body.

Ingredients

• One green apple
• One carrot
• Two celery stalks
• A small handful of watercress
• A small handful of spinach
• ½ teaspoon of dried chlorella or spirulina powder
• ½ teaspoon cinnamon
• ½ teaspoon ginger
• 1 x teaspoon of apple cider vinegar
• 1 x freshly squeezed lemon and ½ the zest.
• Bottled mineral water to top up the blender.

Method

1. Wash, core and chop the apples (do not peel)
2. Wash and chop the carrots and celery
3. Wash and chop up the watercress and spinach
4. Place all ingredients into a powerful blender, top up with mineral water and mix thoroughly.

Consume every morning before eating breakfast.

Health benefits

Algae, chlorella and spirulina, are richer in many more important minerals and other nutrients that can help diabetics, than land-based crops where the soil has been degraded and stripped of minerals by intense farming. Algae and seaweed can also assist with weight loss and blood sugar control.

Apple cider vinegar has a powerful anti-glycaemic effect and improves insulin sensitivity. It also is a good source of acetic acid which helps with weight loss and acts as an alkalising agent to reduce acidity in the body which reduces inflammation.

Cinnamon improves blood sugar regulation by significantly increasing glucose metabolism. In addition, it has insulin-like effects in the body and contains anthocyanidin, a bioflavonoid that changes the insulin signalling activity of fat cells.

Ginger can produce significantly higher insulin sensitivity.

Green apples are rich in malic acid that is exceptional in bringing down blood sugar levels.

Carrots are good for the eyes and help to regulate the flow of blood.

Celery is rich in magnesium and potassium and can help to lower high blood pressure.

Lemons are rich in vitamin C and have an alkalising and anti-inflammatory effect on the body/

Spinach is rich in vitamins A and C, and calcium.

Watercress is rich in many minerals and nutrients of benefit. Hippocrates (460 BC) knew of the powerful health benefits of watercress and built his hospital on a riverbank where watercress grew so he could give it to his patients.

What is a good breakfast for diabetics?

A nutritious breakfast, that will not cause blood sugar spikes, is the most important meal of the day for the diabetics and should be consumed within 30 minutes of waking up.

The following is an ideal combination of natural foods that contain the nutrients necessary for stabilising blood sugar levels. It can also help with weight loss and could greatly reduce the need for blood sugar lowering medications after just one month if consumed daily.

The ingredients can be varied with others from the foods listed further down, but the natural yoghurt, oats, berries, cinnamon, chia seeds, hempseeds and psyllium husks are daily necessities.

• Half a dessert bowl of kefir or plain natural yoghurt with live cultures.
• 2 x tablespoons of oats
• Half a cup of coconut milk
• 1 x tablespoon of ground nuts (almonds, Brazil, cashews, hazelnuts, pecans and/or walnuts)
• 1 x tablespoon of ground hemp seeds.
• 1 x teaspoon of psyllium husks
• Half a punnet (85 g or 3 ounce serving) of blueberries, cranberries or other red, blue or blackberries. (fresh or frozen)
• ¼ teaspoon of cinnamon
• ¼ teaspoon nutmeg
• 3 x finely ground cloves (actual cloves not garlic)

Method

• Soak the oats overnight in a mug filled with coconut milk in the refrigerator.
• Soak the nuts and seeds in a mug full of mineral water overnight in the refrigerator. This will soften them to make them more digestible and remove excess phytic acid.
• In the morning, strain the nuts and seeds (discarding the water) and add to the bowl of yoghurt.
• Add the oats and all the other ingredients and mix well.
• Consume for breakfast or anytime during the day.

NOTE: Avoid drinking tea with breakfast as it can inhibit the absorption of iron and chromium. Consume 30 minutes before or afterwards.

What are the natural foods that can stabilise blood sugar and treat diabetes?

Try steaming a wide selection of the vegetables listed below with the herbs and spices listed and a tablespoon of cold-pressed coconut, olive or rapeseed oil, half a freshly squeezed lemon and a few tablespoons of bottled mineral water then place in a blender for a deliciously healthy potage soup and eat a small bowl before each meal.

This not only stimulates the digestive juices and provides many of the beneficial nutrients, but it also makes the stomach feel fuller so that you will eat less afterwards.

Almonds (five per day) and walnuts (five halves per day) provide a healthy, low carbohydrate mix of monounsaturated fats plus magnesium, which is believed to be instrumental in carbohydrate metabolism. High daily magnesium intake can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 33 percent.

Eating a small handful of almonds before a meal especially helps regulate blood sugar levels and both nuts can improve insulin levels when consumed regularly every day.

See also>> Magnesium

Aloe vera has powerful properties which can regulate blood sugar levels due to its acemannan content. 

How can a drink be made from aloe vera?

• Break off a few leaves.
• Take a sharp knife and carefully peel the green rind from the leaves and discard.
• Peel off the yellow layer with a sharp knife or it can be removed by using one tablespoon of white vinegar and one cup of water.
• There should be about two tablespoons of clear aloe vera gel left.
• Place in a blender with freshly chopped pineapple and blend.
• Coconut water is a good addition as it can also help rehydrate the body.
• Drink immediately.

Consuming this drink will rehydrate the body and provide nutrients such as chromium, magnesium and vitamin B3 all of which are often lacking in diabetics.

For more natural foods rich in these nutrients see>>

• Chromium
• Magnesium
• Vitamin B3

NOTE: Over consumption of aloe vera can stimulate increased bowel function so it is recommended to increase the intake gradually to avoid intestinal cramping.

The combination of aloe vera gel, bay leaves and turmeric is also helpful for controlling blood sugar. Mix together one-half teaspoon each of ground bay leaves and turmeric and one tablespoon of aloe vera gel. Consume it twice daily, before lunch and dinner.

Apple cider vinegar: The anti-glycaemic effects of apple cider vinegar help to improve insulin sensitivity. People who have insulin resistance should have a dose of apple cider vinegar with each meal. Mix one teaspoon of apple cider vinegar with one glass of filtered water. Drink this three times daily to steady the stomach’s digestion rate, which in turn increases the time the body has to process new sugars and keeps the blood sugar levels more stable.

Avocado is high in monounsaturated fats, which are generally considered among the healthiest of fats and can improve insulin sensitivity. Monounsaturated fats also improve heart health, which is especially important for diabetics, who are at an increased risk for heart disease and stroke.

Barley: Hulled barley, in which the outer husk (the bran) is left intact, contains more fibre and nutrients than other forms, such as pearl barley. Hulled barley lowers blood cholesterol levels, protects against cancer especially colon cancer, is cardio-protective and protects against diabetes as it slows starch digestion, which help keep blood sugar levels stable.

Barley grass juice made from the sprouts of barley contains eleven times the calcium in cows’ milk, nearly five times the iron in spinach, seven times the vitamin C in oranges, and, unusual for plant food sources, it contains 80 mcg of vitamin B12 per hundred grams. Barley greens are also rich in beta-carotene, vitamins B1, B2, B5, B6 and B9 (folic acid).

Because of this barley grass juice can be used to treat diabetes effectively and because it is one of the rare plants to contain vitamin B12, it is a useful addition to the diet of those that limit meat intake or are vegan. Barley grass is easily grown as a sprouting seed and can be purchased in dried powder form. Make sure it is organic.

See>> Sprouting greens

Black plum or jambul, also known as jamun, can help with controlling blood sugar level because it contains anthocyanins, ellagic acid and hydrolysable tannins etc. The leaves, berry and seeds can be used to treat diabetes.

Research has shown that the fruits and seeds of this plant have hypoglycaemic effects as they help reduce blood and urine sugar levels rapidly. The seeds, in particular, contain glycoside jamboline and alkaloid jambosine that regulate control blood sugar levels.

Whenever this seasonal fruit is available, try to include it in the diet as it can be very effective for the pancreas. Or make a powder of dried seeds of Jambul fruit and eat this powder with water twice a day. This fruit is native to India and its neighbouring countries and can be found in Asian markets and herbal shops.

Black tea contains polysaccharides, a type of carbohydrate that includes starch and cellulose which can benefit people with diabetes by slowing glucose absorption. Black tea contains more polysaccharides than either green or oolong teas. There are also other natural chemicals found in black tea which protect against diabetes by mimicking the effects of insulin in the body.

Brine pickles provide the addition of friendly bacteria which the intestine needs and preserve foods naturally, without using synthetic additives, for one year. It also does not destroy the important nutrients required by diabetics.

NOTE: Always consume brine pickles separately from other foods to allow the friendly bacteria to reach the intestines without being destroyed by stomach acids.

See >> Brine pickling.

Buckwheat, which is technically a fruit rather than a grain, helps control blood sugar levels when consumed regularly.

Cinnamon antioxidants aid against arthritis, urinary tract infections, sinus congestion, tooth decay and gum disease and is also effective against diabetes. It improves blood sugar regulation by significantly increasing glucose metabolism.

In addition, it has insulin-like effects in the body and anthocyanidin, a bioflavonoid that changes the insulin signalling activity of fat cells. Sprinkle some cinnamon on foods once a day. See anthocyanins below for more natural sources

Cloves and clove oil: The postprandial insulin and glucose response mechanisms are more regulated when clove oil is acting on the body’s systems. Try adding three cloves to a cup of herbal tea and consume daily.

Cocoa, raw and unprocessed, without any refined sugars added, reduces insulin resistance.

Coconut oil (cold-pressed) has medium-chain fatty acids which immediately become available as energy and so are far healthier than all other oils which have long-chained fatty acids. The smaller, easily absorbed medium-chain molecules supply the cells with essential fatty acids without glucose and without inhibiting insulin production.

Long-chain fatty acids are either deposited in blood vessels as cholesterol or stored as fat around the waist, thighs and buttocks.

Curry leaves can help to prevent and control diabetes as they contain an ingredient that reduces the rate at which starch is broken down to glucose in diabetics. Chew about ten fresh curry leaves daily in the morning. For best results, continue this treatment for three to four months. They also help to reduce high cholesterol levels and obesity.

Eggs are in high-quality protein and low in carbohydrates and another healthy choice for controlling or preventing type 2 diabetes. One large egg contains about 16 calories and 4 g of high-quality, filling protein, making them helpful for weight-loss and maintenance.

However, egg whites also contain a protein called avidin that binds to vitamin B7 (biotin) which may cause a deficiency of this vitamin if over-consumed over a few months. When cooked, avidin is partially denatured and binding to biotin is reduced.

However one study showed that 30-40% of the avidin activity was still present in the white after frying or boiling so consumption of cooked egg whites should be limited to about three times a week whereas egg yolks, that contain most of the nutrients and no avidin, should be consumed more often. The other alternative is to eat extra foods rich in vitamin B7 the same day as eating egg whites.

What are the highest sources of vitamin B7?

Measured in micrograms per 100 grams. One µg is one microgram

1. Chicken livers 180 µg
2. Egg yolk 60 µg
3. Walnuts 39 µg
4. Oatmeal 35 µg
5. Peanuts 34 µg
6. Fish 20 µg

Fenugreek is useful for controlling diabetes, improving glucose tolerance and lowering blood sugar levels due to its hypoglycaemic activity. It also stimulates the secretion of glucose-dependent insulin. Being high in fibre, it slows down the absorption of carbohydrates and sugars.

Fenugreek contains a powerful amino acid (4-hydroxyisoleucine) that helps the insulin producing cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin thus lowering blood sugar.

Soak two tablespoons of fenugreek seeds in water overnight. Drink the water along with the seeds in the morning on an empty stomach. Follow this remedy for a few months to bring down glucose levels. Another option is to eat two tablespoons of powdered fenugreek seeds daily sprinkled onto meals.

WARNING: Excess intake of fenugreek seeds by pregnant mothers could put them at risk of premature childbirth and therefore it is inadvisable for pregnant women to consume fenugreek seeds.

Fig leaves have properties that can treat diabetes. The diabetic needs less insulin when on a treatment of using the fig leaf extract. The diabetic should take the extract with breakfast, first thing in the morning. An additional remedy is to boil the leaves of the fig in some freshly filtered or bottled mineral water and drink this as a tea.

Ginger consuming 2 g per day can produce significantly higher insulin sensitivity which is beneficial to diabetics as well as lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

Green tea can help to prevent the progression of type 1 diabetes as it regulates glucose levels in the body. It also lowers blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics and reduces complications associated with diabetes such as cataracts and cardiovascular disease and it promotes weight loss. Drink three cups per day.

Guava: Due to its high vitamin C and fibre content, eating guava can be very helpful in maintaining blood sugar levels. However, too much consumption of guava in one day is not recommended. It is advisable for diabetics to avoid eating the skin of this fruit.

Gymnema sylvestre is a herb which has been shown to slow the transport of glucose from the intestines to the bloodstream. It can also help to repair and regenerate the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Hemp seeds can lower blood sugar due to the high nutrient, fibre and healthy fat content that help in the quick absorption of glucose from the bloodstream and its conversion into energy. Therefore, sweet cravings will decrease and energy levels will increase. Hemp seeds are the one food that contains the correct ratio (3 or 4:1) balance of omega-3 to omega-4 fatty acids for humans.

Indian gooseberry, also known as Amla, is rich in vitamin C and Indian gooseberry juice promotes proper functioning of the pancreas so is therefore useful for treating and preventing diabetes. Take two to three Indian gooseberries, remove the seeds and grind it into a fine paste. Put the paste in a cloth and squeeze out the juice.

Mix two tablespoons of the juice in one cup of water and drink it daily on an empty stomach. Alternatively, mix one tablespoon of Indian gooseberry juice in a cup of bitter gourd juice and drink it daily for a few months.

Lucuma powder can be used as a nutritious alternative natural sweetener for people with diabetes as it does not cause sugar spikes.

Lemon balm contains harmine, also known as telepathine, which is a fluorescent harmala alkaloid belonging to the beta-carboline family of compounds which has shown in studies to induce beta-cell proliferation, increase islet mass and improve blood sugar balance in diabetics.

Mango leaves: The delicate and tender mango leaves can be used to treat diabetes by regulating insulin levels in the blood. They can also help improve blood lipid profiles.

Soak 10 to 15 chopped fresh young mango leaves in a glass of water overnight. In the morning, strain the liquid of the leaves and drink it on an empty stomach. The leaves can also be dried in the shade and ground. Eat one-half teaspoon of powdered mango leaves two times daily.

Maqui berry is from the Chile and Argentinean regions of South America and is very rich in antioxidants, known as anthocyanins, and anti-inflammatory compounds. Regular consumption can also lower the blood sugar and blood pressure and prevent the cardiovascular complications of diabetes.

Millet: regular consumption can significantly reduce blood sugar, lower blood pressure and help to prevent diabetic heart disease.

What medicinal herbs can help with diabetes?

Oatmeal with one to two tablespoons of chopped pecans, almonds or walnuts can significantly stabilise blood sugar.

Okra, also called ladies’ fingers, has constituents such as polyphenolic molecules that can help reduce blood glucose levels and control diabetes. A 2011 study found okra to have anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties.

Cut off the ends of a few okras and prick them in several places using a fork. Soak the okras in a glass of water overnight. In the morning, strain off the liquid and drink the water on an empty stomach. Do this daily for several weeks. Also, include okra as a vegetable in the diet.

Octopus and squid are often considered an important addition to the diet for people with diabetes, as they are a rich source of vitamin B3, which helps to control blood sugar levels.

Oily fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines are not only rich in omega-3 fatty acids but also contain a healthy fat and protein combination that slows the body’s absorption of carbohydrates, keeping blood sugars on an even keel.

Prickly pear has been used in Mexico to treat diabetes for over 1,000 years and is one of the most used natural products in Central America. A single dose of prickly pear can lower blood sugar in people having type 2 diabetes by 17 to 46%

Phyllanthus amarus is aherb that is very effective in naturally treating diabetes.

Psyllium husks: Consume a tablespoon of psyllium husks daily sprinkled onto soups, sandwiches and salads or stirred into stews, curries and gravies etc. after cooking. This is a good way to provide the intestinal bacteria with the fibre it needs to provide proficient digestive tract action and protects the colon from damage. It also can rectify many excretory system disorders such as constipation and correct absorption of nutrients.

Sea buckthorn berries contain fourteen essential vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids and the rarely found omega-7 fatty acids. These fatty acids have a myriad of powerful health benefits that protect the blood vessels, brain and the heart.

The vitamin C content of one tiny yellow/orange sea buckthorn berry is higher than that of an orange. It is also rich in antioxidants, vitamin E and hundreds of other nutrients and has powerful anti-inflammation and anti-diabetic properties.

Seaweed can help with weight loss and blood sugar control. Wakame, the brown algae used to flavour Asian soups and salads and often used in miso soup and sushi rolls, contains the carotenoid called fucoxanthin that helps promote fat burning proteins and promotes the synthesis in the liver of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the fatty acid also found in fish oils.

Starchy foods: Cooling cooked pasta and other starchy foods down and then keeping in the refrigerator overnight and reheating thoroughly before eating the next day turns the starch into resistant starch, which then becomes beneficial fibre for the intestines and reduces blood-sugar spikes.

Sweet potatoes are rich in nutrients that can help balance blood sugar levels. They are an excellent source of antioxidants like beta-carotene, vitamin C and manganese. Not only do they have a low glycaemic index, but they have even been shown in a clinical trial to help reduce blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity in adults with type II diabetes.

Swiss chard contains many important phytonutrients in its coloured stems and leaves which are powerful stabilisers of blood sugar.

Turmeric offers good protection against diabetes. Consume half a teaspoon daily in a hot drink or sprinkled on to salads, vegetables, eggs of fish dishes.

Vegetables such as broccoli, mushrooms, okra, peppers, rocket, spinach, Swiss chard and watercress are a rich source of high-quality carbohydrates. Because these low calorie, nutrient-dense vegetables have a low-impact on blood sugar, they should be an integral component of a diabetic food plan.

Yoghurt with natural live cultures contains both high-quality carbohydrates and protein, making it an excellent food for slowing or preventing an unhealthy rise in blood sugar. Studies also show that a diet high in calcium from yogurt and other calcium-rich foods is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.

Which herbs can help with diabetes?

Medicinal herbs should be consumed as teas three cups per day.

• Burdock root
• Fig leaves
• Dandelion leaves
• Drumstick (moringa)
• Gynema sylvestre
• Japanese or Chinese knotweed
• Siberian ginseng

Which nutrients can affect and help diabetics?

How does adenine help with diabetes?

Adenine is a protein that helps to balance blood sugar levels, acts as a precursor for assimilation of B vitamins and increases transit time of the intestinal tract which is helpful for diabetics.

Natural food sources of adenine in alphabetical order

How does alanine help with diabetes?

Alanine is required for the metabolism of tryptophan, another important amino acid, that serves as a precursor for, and raises levels of, serotonin a neurotransmitter that helps the body regulate appetite, sleep patterns and mood.

Also around 3% of tryptophan gained from the diet is converted into vitamin B3 (niacin) by the liver and this is an important vitamin that helps to control blood sugar levels.  People with diabetes are often lacking in vitamin B3. See below for natural food sources for vitamin B3

Natural food sources of alanine in alphabetical order:

How does alpha lipoic acid help with diabetes?

Alpha lipoic acid works as an antioxidant in both water and fatty tissue enabling it to enter all parts of the nerve cell and protect it from damage and thus relieve peripheral neuropathy which can be caused by the following:

• Alcoholism
• Chemotherapy
• Diabetes
• Injury
• Kidney failure
• Lyme disease
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Shingles
• Thyroid disorders

Symptoms can include pain, burning, numbness, tingling, weakness, and itching.

In addition to being a powerful antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid helps the body use glucose; hence, it is useful in lowering blood sugar levels and in the management of diabetes. It may help prevent the cellular damage accompanying the complications of diabetes and has a protective effect in the brain and nerve tissues.

Natural food sources of alpha lipoic acid in alphabetical order

• Brewer’s yeast (dependent upon source)
• Broccoli
• Brussel sprouts
• Flaxseeds
• Organ meats
• Peas
• Rice bran
• Spinach
• Swiss chard
• Tomatoes

How do anthocyanins help with diabetes?

Three servings per week of red and purple fruits and vegetables that are high in anthocyanins significantly reduces the risk of type-2 diabetes due to the fact these fruits contain high levels of anthocyanins.

These foods also contain naturally occurring polyphenols which are known to have beneficial effects on diabetics. Replacing fruit juice consumption with whole fruits can bring extra health benefits as well as drinking plenty of green tea which also contains polyphenols.

NOTE: Anthocyanins are mostly concentrated in the skins of fruits and vegetables.

Natural food sources of anthocyanins in alphabetical order

How can astaxanthin help with diabetes?

Astaxanthin is one of the most powerful antioxidants known to man. It is 6,000 times stronger than vitamin C, 800 times stronger than coenzyme Q10, 550 times stronger than green tea catechins and 75 times stronger than alpha-lipoic acid.

It gives the red and pink colour to fresh water and ocean fish and can reduce the inflammation that is associated with type 2 diabetes.

Natural food sources of astaxanthin in alphabetical order

• Crab
• Crayfish
• krill oil
• Lobster
• Prawns
• Red sea bream
• Red trout
• Salmon and roe eggs
• Shrimp

NOTE: The highest concentration of this powerful antioxidant is also found in a type of algae (Haematococcus microalgae).

How can berberine help with diabetes?

Berberine is a major active component of the herb Huang-lian (Coptis chinensis), which has been used in China to treat type 2 diabetes for thousands of years. Berberine improves the action of insulin by activating an enzyme which helps regulate the cellular uptake of glucose and the oxidation (burning) of fatty acids and the synthesis of glucose.

It also assists the insulin-regulated glucose carrier found in fat and skeletal and cardiac muscle that is responsible for moving glucose from the bloodstream into cells.

This is found only in muscle and fat cells, the major tissues in the body that respond to insulin. Berberine increases the expression (number and activity) of insulin receptors. The increase in number and activity enables the same amount of insulin to be more effective than before.

Berberine also decreases insulin resistance. It inhibits an enzyme (protein tyrosine phosphatase) which in turn inhibits the insulin receptor. When the insulin receptor is not inhibited as much, it can function better, and the insulin can work better.

In 2008 it was found that the natural plant alkaloid berberine was just as effective and much safer than Metformin, the patent medicine most commonly now prescribed to help re-regulate blood sugar in type 2 diabetes and it can also lower LDL cholesterol levels.  

Incretins are hormones secreted by the stomach and intestines that simultaneously increase the amount of insulin and inhibit the amount of glucagon (a pancreatic hormone which opposes insulin) released from the pancreatic islet cells after eating, even before blood sugar levels rise.

It is like an anticipatory action so more insulin and less glucagon will be immediately available when the glucose starts to rise in the blood. Incretins also slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by slowing stomach emptying; this may indirectly reduce food intake.

Another way in which berberine regulates blood sugar is by increasing the secretion of one of the major incretins, glucagon-like peptide.

Berberine is a potent oral hypoglycaemic (blood sugar lowering) agent with modest effect on lipid metabolism. It is safe and the cost of treatment by berberine is very low but long-term tests have not yet been carried out to evaluate its safeness.

WARNING: There may be an interaction between berberine and many prescription medications, including Metformin, and it should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women due to potential for adverse effects in the newborn.

WARNING: Excess berberine can cause brain, kidney and liver problems and should never be taken as a supplement on its own. It has been shown to cause liver tumours in rats and people with heart problems can be induced by berberine to have arrhythmia attacks.

How do omega-3 fatty acids help with diabetes?

Omega-3 fatty acids can improve insulin action and reduce blood glucose levels and are essential in the treatment of diabetes. They can be synthesised from alpha-linolenic acid found in plants or obtained directly from foods rich in the eicosapentaenic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA).

Highest sources of linolenic omega-3 fatty acids in alphabetical order

Highest sources of EPA and DHA and DPA omega-3 fatty acids in alphabetical order

NOTE: Spirulina is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) making it a healthy choice for vegans.

How does vitamin A help with diabetes?

Vitamin A is essential for the health of the retinas of the eyes especially for diabetics. Vitamin A can be gained through consuming foods rich in the preformed vitamin A or by consuming the precursor carotenoids so that the body can make its own vitamin A. Adequate levels of zinc are also needed to transport vitamin A to the retina. See Zinc below.

Natural sources of preformed vitamin A

Vitamin A can also be made from carotenoids by the intestinal bacteria. Carotenoids are fat-soluble which requires the presence of dietary fat for proper absorption. Medical conditions that interfere with the digestion of fats, such as Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, surgical removal of the stomach, pancreatic enzyme deficiency and gall bladder and liver disease can inhibit the body’s ability to absorb carotenoids.

Because carotenoids are fat-soluble, they must be consumed with a little oil in order for the body to absorb them. Add a tablespoon of a cold-pressed oil such as coconut, fish, nut, olive, rapeseed or other nut or seed oils.

People that take cholesterol-lowering medications, smokers, those that regularly consume alcohol and those that have diets low in calories or lacking fruits and vegetables may also have lower than normal carotenoid levels.

Most of the carotenoids in fruits and vegetables are in the skin, so it is wise best not to peel fruits and vegetables when possible. However, lightly steaming some foods, such as carrots, spinach and tomatoes can actually improve the body’s ability to absorb them.

Highest sources of alpha-carotene in micrograms per 100 grams

(One µg is one microgram)

Highest sources of beta-carotene in micrograms per 100 grams

(One µg is one microgram)

How does vitamin B3 help with diabetes?

The following are important additions to the diet for people with diabetes as they are a rich source of vitamin B3 (niacin) which helps to control blood sugar levels.  People with diabetes are often lacking in this important vitamin.

Highest sources of vitamin B3 in milligrams per 100 grams:

What effect does vitamin C have on diabetes?

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of dietary chromium which is essential to diabetics. Therefore foods rich in vitamin C should be consumed at the same time as foods rich in chromium.

Vitamin C has the opposite effect on minerals, manganese and zinc to vitamin E. Too much vitamin C can cause deficiencies of these essential minerals and it increases iron absorption. To counterbalance this, it is necessary to consume vitamins C and E in equal amounts.

WARNING: Vitamin C supplements can raise blood sugar. In older people with diabetes, vitamin C in amounts greater than 300 mg per day increases the risk of death from heart disease therefore it is wiser to choose foods rich in vitamin C rather than supplements.

Highest sources of vitamin C in milligrams per 100 grams

How can vitamin D help with diabetes?

Daily exposure to sunlight can help with diabetes because the skin uses it to produce vitamin D, which is essential for insulin production, influences insulin sensitivity, regulates insulin secretion and reduces inflammation.

During in the winter months in the northern hemisphere, (from October to April), it is important to have a blood test to ascertain vitamin D levels as the body can only store enough for 60 days and that is if it has had enough sun exposure.

When the sun is strong enough, try to get 15 minutes midday sunshine on bare skin as often as it is possible. It will not work through clothes, a window or sunscreen.

Vitamin D supplements may be necessary and should be vitamin D3 as D2 is not readily absorbed. Also vitamin D3 needs vitamin K2 to function and needs to be absorbed with some oil or fat as it is fat-soluble.

Highest sources of vitamin D per serving listed

(One IU is the biological equivalent of 0.3 μg or 0.3 micrograms)

1. Krill oil – 1 teaspoon: 1000 IU
2. Eel – 85 g or 3 oz: 792 IU
3. Maitake mushrooms – 70 g: 786 IU
4. Rainbow trout – 85 g or 3 oz: 540 IU
5. Cod liver oil – 1 teaspoon: 440 IU
6. Mackerel – 85 g or 3 oz: 400 IU
7. Salmon – 85 g or 3 oz: 400 IU
8. Halibut – 85 g or 3 oz: 196 IU
9. Tuna – 85 g or 3 oz: 228 IU
10. Sardines – 85 g or 3 oz: 164 IU
11. Chanterelle mushrooms – 85 g or 3 oz: 155 IU
12. Egg yolk – 1 large: 41 IU
13. Caviar – 28g or 1 oz: 33 IU
14. Hemp seeds – 100 g or 3.5 oz: 22 IU
15. Portabella mushrooms – 85 g or 3 oz: 6 IU

How can vitamin E help with diabetes?

Vitamin E: is often neglected when nutrients are being considered as a way to resolve health issues. People often take large doses of vitamin C as they believe this will resolve problems like colds and flu etc. but do not realise the consequences.

Nickel and vitamin C share a common antagonist, vitamin E. This inhibiting effect of vitamin E is not related to the antioxidant properties of vitamin C or vice versa (both are antioxidants, so in that respect they are synergistic), but they are antagonists ratio wise to one another, and to other chemicals.

For instance, vitamin C increases iron uptake, which vitamin E inhibits. Vitamin C lowers manganese and zinc, while vitamin E helps increase manganese and zinc absorption. As a result, a very high intake of vitamin C will require an equally high intake of vitamin E to maintain the same ratio.

WARNING: High doses of vitamin E supplements can greatly suppress blood coagulation and clotting thus increasing risk of excessive bleeding or haemorrhage.

Also synthetic vitamin E is only 50% as absorbable as natural vitamin E and does not contain any tocotreinols, making it a very poor substitute for natural food sources of vitamin E.

Highest natural sources of vitamin E in milligrams per 100 grams

1. Wheat germ 149.4 mg
2. Hemp seeds 55 mg
3. Hazelnut oil 47 mg
4. Almond oil 39 mg
5. Sunflower seeds 38.3 mg
6. Chilli powder 38.1 mg
7. Paprika 38 mg
8. Rice bran oil 32 mg
9. Grape seed oil 29 mg
10. Almonds 26.2 mg
11. Oregano 18.3 mg
12. Hazelnuts 17 mg
13. Flaxseed oil 17 mg
14. Peanut oil 16 mg
15. Hazelnuts 15.3 mg
16. Corn oil 15 mg
17. Olive oil 14 mg
18. Soya bean oil 12 mg
19. Pine nuts 9.3 mg
20. Cloves (ground) 9 mg
21. Peanuts 8 mg
22. Celery flakes (dried) 6 mg
23. Spirulina 5 mg
24. Dried apricots 4.3 mg
25. Bell peppers (red), eel, olives and salmon 4 mg
26. Jalapeno peppers 3.6 mg
27. Anchovies 3.3 mg
28. Broccoli, chicken, chilli peppers (sun-dried), cod, crayfish, dandelion greens, egg yolk, duck, goose, pecan nuts, spinach, tomatoes (tinned or pureed) turkey and turnip greens 3 mg
29. Avocado, beef, bilberries, blue berries, butter, chicory greens, cinnamon (ground), crab, halibut, herring (pickled), mackerel, marjoram, mustard greens, pistachio nuts, poppy seeds, sardines, sesame seeds, Swiss chard, trout, tuna, turnips and walnuts 2 mg
30. Fish roe 1.9 mg
31. Asparagus, kiwi fruit and parsnips 1.5 mg
32. Black berries 1.2 mg
33. Chlorella 1.1 mg

Which minerals are deficient in, or essential to, diabetics?

One doctor from the Philippines, has reported that diabetes could be due to a deficiency of six minerals in the body and his recipe for addressing this issue is as follows:

• 12 pieces of ground Philippine chilli peppers (Siling labuyo)
• 2 x raw eggs
• ¼ teaspoon of Himalayan pink salt crystals

Blend all ingredients well then consume immediately. Take this remedy once or twice a week or more if very physically active.

It may well be that a lack of these six minerals could be responsible for the rise in diabetes cases as the soils that food crops are grown in can be depleted of minerals due to modern farming techniques.

There are other foods that can provide these six minerals for those that may have difficulties consuming hot chillies and raw eggs which can be found by following these links.

1. Chromium
2. Copper
3. Germanium
4. Manganese
5. Vanadium
6. Zinc

How can calcium help with diabetes?

Studies have shown that a diet high in calcium-rich foods is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.

Highest food sources of calcium in milligrams per 100 grams

How can chromium help with diabetes?

Chromium can lower blood sugar levels, improve glucose tolerance and reduce the amount of insulin needed. Because brewer’s yeast is a rich source of chromium, scientists think it may help treat high blood sugar.

Deficiency of chromium could result in glucose intolerance (diabetes). This deficiency could be caused by the soil levels of chromium which has been leached out due to modern day farming techniques and the widespread consumption of refined and processed foods, which are typically low in chromium.

Deficiency can also result in nerve illnesses, heart problems and increased cholesterol and fat concentrations in the blood. People on prolonged intravenous nutrition often develop diabetes. There are many reasons for this, but one potential reason is chromium deficiency. For these people, getting chromium levels back to normal can reverse the issue.

NOTE: Intense exercise can increase the rate of chromium loss in the urine.

Highest food sources of chromium in micrograms per 100 grams.

(One µg is equivalent to one microgram)

NOTE: Make sure to read the label of Brewer’s Yeast as some inferior products do not contain chromium. High-quality brewer’s yeast powder or flakes contain as much as 60 µg of chromium per tablespoon (15 grams).

How does copper affect diabetes?

Copper, together with zinc improves the absorption of vitamin D, the vitamin which aids in the absorption of calcium. Copper and zinc are antagonists, and the balance between them is an example of biological dualism which means they must be consumed in balanced measures as they have an effect on each other.

An intake of too much zinc, which is a key ingredient in some over-the-counter cold remedies, can cause irreversible neurological ailments associated with copper deficiency. Likewise too much copper can displace zinc in the body and cause the zinc deficiency symptoms. Which will also have an effect on diabetes.

WARNING: Copper supplements are not advised as copper toxicity is very common and can cause depression, anxiety, mood swings, panic attacks, fatigue, headaches, skin rashes and even cancer. It can also result in vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle pain, dementia, damage to the liver, discolouration of the skin and hair and can cause hyperactivity in children.

Water companies often add copper and other chemical compounds to reduce the growth of certain harmful algae and moulds in reservoirs. While copper is a nutrient mineral, most people have too much of it in their bodies. Vegetarian diets are high in copper. Weak adrenal glands cause copper accumulation. Birth control pills raise copper and copper intra-uterine devices can severely raise copper levels.

Highest sources of copper in milligrams per 200 calorie serving

How can germanium help with diabetes?

Germanium normalises many physiological functions, particularly blood characteristics including pH, glucose, minerals, cholesterol, uric acid, haemoglobin and leukocytes. For that reason it is an essential mineral for diabetics.

Natural sources of germanium in alphabetical order

How can iron help with diabetes?

Iron is important for diabetics as it is responsible for the vital activity of the blood and glands, the manufacture of red blood cells, oxygen transportation and holding energy levels stable.

Some of the symptoms of diabetes are very similar to those of iron deficiency and, when an individual is trying to lose weight to treat their diabetes, they may become deficient in iron.

NOTE: Vitamin A is required to move iron from storage in the body and a deficiency in vitamin A can lead to iron deficiency.

Highest food sources of iron in milligrams per 100 grams

How can magnesium help with diabetes?

Magnesium is believed to be instrumental in carbohydrate metabolism. High daily magnesium intake can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 33 percent.

Highest food sources of magnesium in micrograms per 100 grams

How does manganese help with diabetes?

Manganese is often deficient in diabetics and is needed to regulate blood sugar so can be a causal factor. The reason for this could be due to faulty insulin production, increased urinary excretion, and potentially altered manganese metabolism. Manganese is crucial for insulin production and glucose metabolism, and its deficiency can negatively impact these processes.

Too much vitamin C can lower manganese absorption. Nickel and vitamin C share a common antagonist, vitamin E. They are antagonists ratio wise to one another, and to other chemicals.

For instance, vitamin C increases iron uptake, which vitamin E inhibits. Vitamin C lowers manganese and zinc, while vitamin E helps increase manganese and zinc absorption.

As a result, a very high intake of vitamin C will require an equally high intake of vitamin E to maintain the same ratio. Consuming vitamin E rich nuts and seeds at the same time as vitamin C rich fruits and vegetables can resolve this imbalance.

Highest food sources of manganese in milligrams per 100 grams

NOTE: Manganese is concentrated in the outer covering of nuts, in the green leaves of edible plants and green vegetables such as peas and runner beans.

How does molybdenum help with diabetes?

Molybdenum is a mineral that helps the body manufacture enzymes, such as the ones needed for the use of the energy from the fats and carbohydrates, as well as helping the body make use of the iron ingested which sustains mental alertness. It is also essential for blood sugar balance.

Natural foods sources of molybdenum in alphabetical order

How does nickel help with diabetes?

Nickelhelps the body absorb the iron it needs to produce red blood cells that carry the oxygen to the pancreas which helps it function correctly and produce the insulin required by the body.

Vitamin C and iron can block absorption of nickel therefore, foods rich in nickel should be consumed separately from foods rich in vitamin C and iron.

Natural food sources of nickel in alphabetical order

NOTE: It is possible that the nickel in grains, nuts and seeds can bind with the phytic acid in those foods reducing the amount of nickel available for absorption, therefore other sources maybe better to choose.

See>> Phytic acid

How does vanadium help with diabetes?

Vanadium is a trace mineral found in many foods that has a positive effect in people with diabetes type 2 by lowering blood sugar levels and improving sensitivity to insulin.

In one study of people with type 2 diabetes, vanadium also lowered their total and LDL cholesterol. Like insulin, vanadium is believed to help shuttle nutrients, like amino acids and blood sugar, into muscle cells.

Natural food sources of vanadium in alphabetical order

How does zinc help with diabetes?

Zinc is the healing mineral and part of the enzymes that helps the body to metabolise protein, carbohydrates and alcohol. It is also required to transport vitamin A to the retina, all of which is important for those with diabetes.

Those drinking excess alcohol have low levels of zinc because alcohol decreases zinc absorption and increases urinary secretion of zinc.

Diuretic medications also adversely affect zinc levels and if an individual ingests excessive amounts of caffeine, drugs or sugar, it is more than likely that a zinc deficiency will develop.

Cadmium found in some foods and ingested through smoking tobacco displaces zinc in the body and can lead to a deficiency.

Gastrointestinal surgery, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, short bowel syndrome and other digestive diseases can all decrease zinc absorption and increase zinc loss from the body.

WARNING: Zinc supplements are not advised as they can upset the balance of other minerals in the body, for instance, excessive absorption of zinc can suppress copper and iron absorption.

Highest natural food sources of zinc in milligrams per 100 grams

• Oysters 78.6 mg
• Chlorella 71 mg
• Wheat germ 16.7 mg
• Beef 12.3 mg
• Calf’s liver 11.9 mg
• Hemp seeds 11.5 mg
• Pumpkin and squash seeds 10.3 mg
• Sesame and watermelon seeds 10.2 mg
• Bamboo shoots, endives and gourds 9 mg
• Chervil (herb) 8.8 mg
• Lamb 8.7 mg
• Venison 8.6 mg
• Alfalfa seeds (sprouted), amaranth leaves, Crimini mushrooms, Irish moss and tea 8 mg
• Crab 7.6 mg
• Lobster 7.3 mg
• Agave, basil, broccoli, buffalo, elk, emu, oats, ostrich, spinach and turkey 7 mg
• Cocoa powder 6.8 mg
• Cashew nuts 5.8 mg
• Asparagus, chicken livers, laver seaweed, mushrooms, parsley and rice bran 5.7 mg
• Cashew nuts 5.6 mg
• Pork 5.1 mg
• Jute (herb), lemon grass, mung beans, Portobello mushrooms, radishes and shiitake mushrooms 5 mg
• Agar seaweed, butterbur, cauliflower, chicory, Chinese cabbage, chives, coriander, green beans, lentils, lettuce, okra, rocket, spring onions, summer squash, Swiss chard, tomatoes and wasabi (yellow) 3.4 mg
• Peanuts 3.3 mg
• Cheddar cheese 3.1 mg
• Mozzarella cheese 2.9 mg
• Anchovies and rabbit 2.4 mg
• Cabbage, cucumber, jalapeno peppers, , kidney beans, navy beans, spirulina and turnip greens 2 mg
• Mussels 1.6 mg
• Arrowroot, artichokes (globe), beetroot, bell peppers, black eyed peas, borage, broad beans, Brussel sprouts, butter beans, cabbage, carrots, celery, chilli peppers, courgettes, dandelion greens, garlic, horseradish, kale, kelp, mustard greens, peas, pinto beans, potatoes, pumpkin, turnips, Swede, sweet potato, tomatoes (red), wakame (seaweed), watercress and winged beans 1.2 mg

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