Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is made in the body by synthesising the precursor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), through pathways using tryptophan or B3 vitamins. Then an enzyme called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase, adds a phosphate group to NAD+ to create nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
The cellular respiration processes of all living cells make use of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It plays a key role in energy metabolism by accepting and donating electrons. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or NADPH is a related coenzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of carbohydrates in photosynthetic organisms. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes (vesicles) used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf micro-organisms.
Plant mitochondria require NADPH for antioxidant protection and for specific biosynthetic pathways. It used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. NADPH provides the reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions and the oxidation-reduction involved in protecting against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species, allowing the regeneration of reduced glutathione.
It is also used for anabolic pathways, such as lipid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid chain elongation. The NADPH system is also responsible for generating free radicals in immune cells. These radicals are used to destroy pathogens in a process termed the respiratory burst. It is also involved in the cytochrome hydroxylation of alcohols, aromatic compounds, drugs and steroids.
Health benefits of NAD+ and related coenzymes
The health benefits of both these enzymes include antioxidant protection, support for the immune function, and roles in cellular metabolism and DNA repair. They also help to combat oxidative stress, maintain cellular health and protect against age-related degeneration.
Foods which can potentially boost NAD+ levels in the body.
Nutrients required to produce NAD+ related enzymes
Related subjects
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