Many people do not drink enough water throughout the day to remain fully hydrated. Some drink far too much which can lead to an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes such…

Lancet flukes (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) start life as eggs found in the dung of cattle. This dung is fed upon by snails which allow the eggs to enter a snail’s intestine.…

Hookworm larvae (Necator americanus) are found in the warm, moist soil of tropical and subtropical regions and also in the south-eastern US. They can be acquired by eating food contaminated…

Worms, and other intestinal parasites which infest human beings, are found in all countries of the world even in the UK. However, they are more common in tropical and subtropical…

Muscle cramps can involve a single muscle or a whole group and can happen in various places in the body depending on the cause. These involuntary muscle spasms can also…

Gout is a condition usually caused by having too much uric acid in the body and the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in tissues. Too much uric acid may not…

A2 milk is cow’s milk that contains only the A2 type of beta-casein protein rather than the more common A1 protein commonly found in normal milk These two proteins digest…

Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to a normally harmless substance. This can be through inhalation, ingestion or even skin contact. The result can be anything from mild discomfort…

Hearing loss due to age is known as presbycusis which comes from the Greek presbys meaning “elder” and akousis meaning “hearing”. It involves bilateral high-frequency hearing loss associated with difficulty…

If the adrenal cortex produces insufficient amounts of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids the result is called Addison’s disease. Stress on the body such as injury, infection or illness can trigger adrenal…